Transmission Electron Microscopy Characterization of Long Wavelength Dilute Nitrides

..............................................................................................iv Acknowledgements................................................................................vi List of Figures.......................................................................................ix Chapter 1: Introduction...........................................................................1 1.1 Requirements for Modern Fiber-Optic Networks.............................1 1.2 Material Choices for Long-Wavelength Emission............................6 1.3 Role of TEM in Understanding and Improving the Material..............13 Chapter 2: TEM Techniques...................................................................16 2.1 Cross-Section TEM Sample Preparation.....................................16 2.2 High Resolution Imaging (HRTEM)............................................20 2.3 Energy-Filtered TEM (EFTEM)..................................................38 2.4 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX)..............................41 2.5 Dark-Field (DF) Imaging..........................................................44 Chapter 3: Effect of Growth Conditions on the Microstructure.......................54 3.1 Growth Temperature Effects.....................................................54 3.2 Anneal Effects.......................................................................61 3.3 Deflection Plates Effects..........................................................65 Chapter 4: Conclusions and Future Work.................................................72 4.1 Conclusions..........................................................................72 4.2 Future Work..........................................................................73 Chapter 5: References.........................................................................75